从援助到合作:中国对非卫生外交六十年历程

From Aid to Cooperation:China’s Sixty Years’Health Diplomacy in Africa

卫生健康领域是中非合作的重要组成部分。1963年以来,中国对非卫生外交受到中非关系和全球健康治理两大历史进程的塑造,经历了革命外交指导下的初始阶段、援助收缩的调整阶段、新世纪的快速上升阶段以及新时代的全面发展阶段,从单纯的援助与被援助关系转型为互惠互利的合作伙伴关系,改善了非洲健康水平,并深化了中非传统友谊。中非卫生合作受到五个方面国家利益的驱动,即政府地位承认、国家安全维护、国家形象管理、国际话语塑造以及产业合作推进。新时代,中非卫生合作在首脑外交引领下,统合了各类主体和资源,追求义利相兼、以义为先的合作效果,形成了以医疗服务为主、兼顾公共卫生援外、常规医疗队与应急处置队伍相结合的合作格局。中非卫生健康共同体是中非卫生合作的发展方向,面临着国家实力、南北矛盾、大国竞争等因素的制约。中国应当重视力量培育、系统集成、知识共享以及国际传播以加速该进程。

Health and medical cooperation is an important part of China-Africa cooperation.Since 1963,China’s health diplomacy in Africa has been shaped by the overall China-Africa relations and global health governance.It has experienced the initial stage under the guidance of revolutionary diplomacy,the adjustment stage of aid contraction,the rapid development stage in the new century,and the comprehensive development stage in the new era.The bilateral medical relationship between China and Africa has developed from pure donor-recipient relationship to mutually beneficial partnership,improving people’s health in Africa and deepening the traditional friendship between the two sides.China-Africa health cooperation is driven by five aspects of national interests,namely recognition of government status,maintenance of national security,management of national image,shaping of international discourse,and promotion of industrial cooperation.In the new era,under the guidance of summit diplomacy,China-Africa health and medical cooperation integrates various agents and resources and upholds shared interests and the greater good,with greater emphasis on the latter.It forms the cooperation pattern focusing on medical services followed by public health foreign aid,conventional medical teams and emergency response teams.China-Africa health cooperation is developing toward China-Africa community of health,constrained by national strength,South-North conflict,the competition among major powers,etc.China should attach more importance to capacity building,system integration,knowledge sharing and international communication to accelerate this process.