粉本与格套:汉画像的程式化构图特征

Origin and Style:the Stylized Composition Features of Han Dynasty Portraits

汉代"大一统"观念体现在画像上就是程式化的审美追求,这也是汉代工匠创作画像时共同遵循的一套约定俗成的技术性规范。根据汉代文献史料、考古发掘材料和汉画像的商业(殡葬业)、美术(殡葬礼仪)属性推断,当时工匠群体中流传着一种可资参照的构图粉本,其所作画像的程式化特征立体地表现在整体图像程序、局部图像模块、单幅画像构图等诸多方面。当然,活用粉本的情况也时有发生。程式化与僵化、刻板化不是同一概念,在确立汉代墓葬美术的描绘框架、推动汉画像艺术的跨区传播和流变、便利汉画像艺术的前图像志识别、延宕当时两汉民众死后身体焦虑等方面有着积极文化意义。

The concept of“Great Unification”embodied in portraits in the Han Dynasty is the stylized aesthetic pursuit,which is also a set of established technical norms that craftsmen in the Han Dynasty followed when creating portraits.Han dynasty according to documents,archaeological materials and historical data of han funeral business,etiquette art attribute inference,the artisan groups circulated a powder composition of the reference,its stylized features a picture of the solid performance in overall image program,local image module,a single picture composition,use powder,of course,this situation also happen from time to tome.Stylization is not the same concept as rigidity and stereotyping,which has positive cultural significance in establishing the framework of Han Dynasty tomb art depiction,promoting the cross-regional transmission and change of Han Dynasty painting art,facilitating the recognition of preoperative images of Han Dynasty painting art,and delaying the body anxiety of the Han Dynasty and Han Dynasty people after death.