营商环境法治化背景下股东派生仲裁的制度构建

The Construction of Shareholder Derivative Arbitration System in the Context of Legalization of Business Environment

股东投资渴求营商环境法治化,但现实却折射出巨大落差,"南华公司案"即是例证。在公司与第三人就争议解决方式约定仲裁的前提下,当控股股东或董事等与第三人间存在关联关系或其他利益关系而致公司怠于主张权利时,公司与第三人间的纠纷处理必然陷入僵局。在此情形下,股东是否有权启动仲裁程序,法院、仲裁机构均存在对立观点,这反映了营商环境的实然尴尬。经由对《中华人民共和国公司法》第一百五十一条之扩张解释,股东派生仲裁制度能缓解此尴尬局面。此外,利益衡量理论、"公平合理期待"原则、代位权理论、仲裁协议扩张理论能进一步为股东派生仲裁提供理论支撑。未来我国立法应明确承认股东派生仲裁制度。在实体法方面,启动股东派生仲裁需满足公司与第三人之间存在有效仲裁协议、纠纷确系仲裁条款约束之事项、主观上需有"善意"并灵活借鉴股东派生诉讼之条件;在程序法方面,股东应竭尽内部手段,公司宜与股东同列为仲裁申请人,且应注意仲裁员之选择、做好诉讼与仲裁的程序转接、明晰仲裁费用的承担问题。

Shareholders are desperate for the legalization of business environment,but the reality reflects a huge gap,as illustrated by the case of Nanhua Ltd.In the premise that the company and the third person agree to the arbitration in the way of dispute settlement and when there is a connection or other interest relationship between the controlling shareholder or director and the third party,the company can’t claim the right.Due to the existence of arbitration clauses,the disputes between the company and the third party will fall into a deadlock.In this case,opposite viewpoints exist in courts and arbitration institutions towards whether shareholders have the right to start the arbitration proceedings,which reflects the embarrassing business environment.By the way of expanding interpretation about the Article 151 of the Company Law,shareholder derivative arbitration can alleviate this embarrassment.In addition,the theory of Benefit Measurement,the principle of"Fair and Reasonable Expectation",the theory of subrogation and the theory of Extension of Arbitration Agreement can further provide theoretical support for shareholder derivative arbitration.The future legislation of China should clearly recognize the shareholder derivative arbitration.In the substantive law,starting shareholder derivative arbitration needs satisfying some requirements such as the existence of an effective arbitration agreement,the disputes under the arbitration clause and the good intentions of shareholders.And we should make a flexible reference to the requirements of shareholder derivative litigation.For the procedural law,shareholders should exhaust internal means.Companies and shareholders should be listed as arbitration applicants.We should pay attention to the choice of arbitrators,make a good transfer of litigation and arbitration and establish a clear system of the costs of arbitration.