我国民事责任体系定位与功能之理论反思

Theoretical Refl ection on the Systematic Position and Function of the Concept of Liability in Chinese Civil Law

在体系定位上,我国民法学将民事责任作为基本概念之一,与民事权利、民事义务同为民事法律关系的构成要素,在体系功能上,民事责任承载民事权利的法律之力。这些观点有待检讨。在区分民事实体法与民事程序法的情况下,民事权利的法律之力应分解到这两个法律系统之中。在民法体系内部,民事权利的法律之力可以由请求权来承载,民事责任不宜成为与民事权利并列的基本概念。我国民法学中以制裁为最终后果的民事责任,在观念上没有区分民事权利强制实现时可能进一步引发的实体法问题与程序法问题,实体法由此取得对程序法的主导地位。从精神内核来看,我国民事责任的理论学说与德国学理上之前提出的实体性诉权学说相近。我国本土民法学理论体系与知识体系的构建任重道远。

In terms of systematic position,civil liability is a basic concept in Chinese civil law,which is one of the constituents of civil legal relation parallel to civil right and civil obligation.In terms of systematic function,civil liability expresses the legal power of civil right.Such notions need to be examined.In the circumstances of distinguishing the substantive law and the procedural law,the legal power of the civil right should be resolved into the two districts of law.In the civil law system,the legal power of the civil right can be expressed by the concept of claim,thus the civil liability cannot be a basic concept parallel to the civil right.Civil liability,with sanction as its fi nal consequence,cannot distinguish the substantive questions and the procedural ones in the mandatory implementation of the civil right,through which the substantive law acquires its leading position relative to the procedural law.The doctrines on the civil liability in Chinese civil law are actually close to the previous German doctrines of substantive litigation right in their spirit core.It’s still an arduous task to construct the academic and knowledge systems of Chinese civil law.