非法电子数据排除的理论基点与制度建构:以数字权利的程序性救济为视角

The Theoretical Basis and Rules Construction of Exclusion of Illegal Electronic Evidence:From the Perspective of Procedural Remedies of Digital Rights

对数字权利的干预和侵犯,不仅来自私人主体或组织,还有很大一部分是来自国家权力机关,特别是在刑事侦查违法取证中对数字权利的侵犯。在刑事诉讼中实现对数字权利的保护和救济已成为数字时代不可回避的理论问题。非法证据排除是程序性制裁和救济的重要措施之一,我国《刑事诉讼法》及相关司法解释并没有将电子数据纳入非法证据排除规则适用范围,司法解释虽然建立了电子数据合法性审查规则和排除规则,其主要是将技术性程序和真实保障程序的合法性作为审查内容,排除对象主要是取证程序有瑕疵、真实性无法保障的不可靠电子数据。在司法实践中,我国司法机关对非法电子数据主要采取“拒绝排除”和“依附排除”两种处理方式。前者以欠缺法律规定为由直接拒绝将电子数据纳入非法证据排除规则适用范围;后者将电子数据依附于存储介质而纳入物证来适用非法证据排除规则,其具有间接性、限定性、单阶性等特点,无法为数字权利提供充分、独立的法律救济。很多电子数据承载公民财产权、隐私权等基本权利,违法取证可能干预数字基本权利,因此,需要在刑事诉讼中确立尊重和保障“数字人权”的基本理念,以回归数字权利的程序性救济为理论基点,将电子数据纳入非法证据排除规则适用范围。

The intervention and infringement of digital rights not only come from private entities or organizations,but also from the country power organs,especially in criminal investigation and evidence collection.The protection and remedy of digital rights in criminal proceedings has become an unavoidable theoretical issue in the digital age.The exclusion of illegal evidence is one of the important measures for procedural sanctions and remedies.China's Criminal Procedure Law and relevant judicial interpretations do not include electronic evidence in the application scope of the exclusion rules of illegal evidence.Although the judicial interpretations have established the review and exclusion rules for the legality of electronic evidence,it mainly takes the legality of technical procedures and true guarantee procedures as the review content,and the exclusion objects are mainly unreliable electronic evidences which have flaws in the collection procedures or have authenticity with precarious guarantee.In judicial practice,China’s judicial authorities mainly adopt two models for illegal electronic evidence,i.e.,“refusal to exclude”and“attachment to exclude”.The former model directly refuses to include electronic evidence in the application scope of the exclusion rule for illegal evidence due to the lack of legal provisions.The latter model applies the rule of illegal evidence exclusion by attaching electronic evidence to storage media and incorporating it into physical evidence,which has characteristics such as indirectness,limitation,and singleness,and it cannot provide sufficient and independent legal remedies for digital rights.Many electronic evidences include the basic rights such as property rights and privacy rights.Illegal evidence collecting may interfere with digital basic rights.Therefore,it is necessary to establish the concept of protecting“digital human rights”in criminal proceedings and it should have the theoretical basis of procedural remedies of digital rights,and include electronic evidence in the application scope of the exclusion rule of illegal evidence.