维果茨基特殊儿童发展与教育思想探赜

An Exploration of Vygotsky’s Thoughts on Development and Education of Children with Special Needs

维果茨基对特殊儿童心理发展规律进行了富有洞见的探求,在缺陷观中,立足常态的社会缺陷观这一定位,区分了原发性缺陷与次生性缺陷两种类型,提出了补偿、代偿、超补偿三条克服路径;在发展观中,以多维立体的视角剖析了特殊儿童发展的复杂性、动态性、可塑性、迂回性、社会制约性;在教育观中,提倡基于补偿的“加法”教育、基于完人的全程教育、基于共性的个别化教育、基于支持的特殊教育、基于发展的社会教育。以此关照,特殊教育者应全面认识缺陷,积极促进补偿的自主性;辨证理解发展,提供多元化的教育支持;具身化施教,突出社会环境育人之效。

Vygotsky made an insightful exploration of the laws of psychological development of children with special needs.In the view of defects,Vygotsky distinguished two major types of defects based on the society’s normal view:primary defects and secondary defects,and proposed three paths to overcome them:biological compensation,alternative compensation,overcompensation.In the view of development,Vygotsky analyzed the complexity,dynamics,plasticity,circuity,and social constraints of the development of children with special needs from multi-dimensional perspectives.In the view of education,he advocated“additional”education based on compensation,full-course education based on whole-person,individualized education based on commonality,special education based on support,and social education based on development.In this regard,special educators should fully understand the defects and actively promote the autonomy of compensation,didactically understand development and provide diversified educational support,conduct embodied teaching to highlight the effect of social environment on education.