国际仲裁中不利推定的适用及其限制

Application and Restriction of Adverse Inference in International Arbitration

国际仲裁实践中,一方当事人经常出于不正当的目的,毫无理由地拒绝出示关联的证据。实践表明,请求法院协助提供救济或裁定不履行方承担更多的仲裁费用都无法有效地遏制此行为,而对不履行方作出不利推定实际上是解决这一问题的有效手段。但在不同的法律和规则层面上,都没有明确地规定不利推定的适用条件。尤其是国际投资仲裁实践中发生的一系列案件表明,不利推定的作出必须受制于多项限制性条件。而且应当强调的是,不利推定对整个案件的实体结果一般不具有决定性作用。尽管如此,不利推定对仲裁程序的有效进行仍然具有积极的作用,它可以有效抑制当事人的不合作行为,以及弥补证据的缺失。

In the process of international arbitration practice,one party,for undue purpose,often refuses to produce related evidences without any reasonable causes.Practices indicate that applying for court to assist in providing remedies or adjudicating the non-performing party more arbitration costs could not prevent this behaviors,but drawing adverse inference on the non-performing party is factually an effective means to solve this problem.However,viewing from different perspectives of law and rules,they all do not explicitly set out the applying condition of adverse inference.In particular,a series of cases in the international investment arbitration show that drawing adverse inference must be subject to many restrictive conditions.Moreover,it should be emphasized that adverse inference could not exert decisive impacts on the substantive outcome in the whole case generally.Although,adverse inference still has positive influences on the effective operation of arbitration procedure,it could effectively prevent the un-cooperative behaviors of parties and compensate the absence of evidences.