十九世纪中叶法国巴黎外方传教会川藏教区勘界史考

A Historical Examination of the Boundary Demarcation of the Sichuan-Tibet Missionary Region by the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the Mid-19th Century

为对中国西藏施以天主教宗教文化影响,罗马教廷于1846年设立拉萨宗座代牧区,派法国巴黎外方西藏传教会进藏传教。出于对西方宗教文化渗透的抵制,当时清朝中央政府及西藏地方严禁外国传教士擅入西藏,以致该会进藏活动严重受阻,被迫转向四川传教会“借地”以求立足。1858年,拉萨宗座代牧主教杜多明、川东南代牧主教范若瑟及川西北代牧主教马伯乐会勘川、藏两教区教界,将西藏传教会传教活动范围扩展至四川省境内。此次川、藏教界会勘源于巴黎外方西藏传教会进藏活动严重受阻,反映了教会内部激进、保守两派之间关于扩大在华传教活动的分歧与纠葛,同时也展示出当时清朝中央及西藏地方严禁欧洲传教士进入西藏实施宗教文化渗透的坚定立场。

In order to exert religious and cultural influence on Tibet,the Vatican established the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa in 1846,and sent the Paris Foreign Missions Society of Tibet to preach there.However,out of resistance against the infiltration of western religious culture,both the central government of the Qing Dynasty and local authorities in Tibet strictly prohibited foreign missionaries from entering Tibet without permission.As a result,the Society's activities in the region were severely hampered,and it had to turn to the Sichuan Missionary Society to"borrow land"in order to gain a foothold.In 1858,Bishop Desmazures of the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa,Bishop Desflèches of Southeastern Sichuan,and Bishop Pérocheau of Northwestern Sichuan met with the diocesan circles of Sichuan and Tibet to expand the scope of the Society's missionary activities from Tibet into Sichuan Province.This meeting between the ecclesiastical circles of Sichuan and Tibet resulted from the Paris Foreign Missions Society's inability to enter Tibet.It also reflects the differences and disputes between the radical and conservative factions within the church regarding the expansion of missionary activities in China.Finally,it also shows that at that time both the Qing central government and the local Tibetan government strictly prohibited European missionaries from entering Tibet and spreading Catholic religious culture.