重大灾害响应的现实偏向与破解之道

The Bias in Reality and Solution of Major Disaster Response in China

当前,我国重大灾害的应对处置不断超出常规范围,涉及主体更加多元、应对流程更加复杂,灾害响应的系统性特征日益凸显。为破解灾害响应实践中流畅性与有效性不足的困境,本文从“过程—主体”两个维度(即预警响应和应急响应两个阶段,以及政府、社会、公众等多元主体维度)展开探析。选取郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害作为典型案例,具体剖析重大灾害响应过程中的薄弱点,得出存在“重信息发布,轻响应行动”“重政府包揽,轻社会参与”“重领导动员,轻机制驱动”的三重现实偏向。最后,基于体系优化视角提出了我国重大灾害响应的纠偏路径。

At present,the response to major disasters in China has gone beyond the conventional scope,involving more diverse subjects and more complex response processes,and the systematic characteristics of disaster response have become increasingly prominent.In order to solve the dilemma of lack of fluency and effectiveness in disaster response practice,this paper analyzes the two main stages of early warning response and emergency response,as well as the composite subject of the government,social organization,and public people.The“7·20”heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou was selected as a typical case to analyze the weaknesses in the process of major disaster response,and it was concluded that there were three realities bias:“emphasizing information release and ignoring response action”“emphasizing government overall responsibility and ignoring social participation”“emphasizing leadership mobilization and ignoring mechanism driving”.Finally,based on the perspective of system optimization,the correction path of China's major disaster response is proposed.