突发事件的预警:制度特性、实践问题与法治路径

Early Warning of Emergencies:Institutional Characteristics,Practical Issues and Path of Rule of Law

突发事件的预警是一类兼具风险警告、危害应对、应急指引等多元功能的行政行为。该法律制度固化在《突发事件应对法》《传染病防治法》《环境保护法》等成文法之中,广泛运用于自然灾害、公共卫生、生态环境、安全生产等政府应急领域,具有行政权力性、风险预防性、即刻周知性等诸多特性。近年来,我国突发事件的预警实践已取得重大成效,但部分基层应急管理尚存有预警疏漏、决策迟缓、信息阻滞等短板之处。因此,有必要重塑“行政应急法治原则”,完备预警行为的法律规则,细化预警执法裁量行为,优化预警的决策程序,注重各类预警的数字化信息覆盖率与社会协同度,防止人为限缩或刻意增大预警强度,全面释放应急预警法律行为的风险治理效能。

Early warning of emergencies is a type of administrative action that combines multiple functions such as risk warning,hazard response,and emergency guidance.This legal system is solidified in written laws such as the Emergency Response Law,the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Law,and the Environmental Protection Law,and is widely used in government emergency fields such as natural disasters,public health,ecological environment,safety production,has many characteristics such as administrative power,risk prevention,and immediate visibility.In recent years,China's emergency warning practice has achieved significant results,but some grassroots emergency management still has shortcomings such as warning omissions,delayed decision-making,and information blockage.Therefore,it is necessary to reshape the“principle of administrative emergency rule of law”,improve the legal rules of early warning behavior,refine the discretionary behavior of early warning law enforcement,optimize the decision-making process of early warning,and pay attention to the digital information coverage and social synergy of various early warnings,prevent artificial limitation or deliberate increase in warning intensity,and comprehensively release the risk governance effectiveness of emergency warning legal actions.