原南斯拉夫地区的语言身份和语言政策

Language identities and language policies in the regions of former Yugoslavia

尽管有诸多标准可以遵循,语言身份的确定仍是一个极具争议的问题。除语言学因素外,非语言学因素同样起着重要的作用。20世纪90年代,南斯拉夫解体,原来的成员国陆续独立成为新的国家,随之而来的语言身份认定具有典型性。塞尔维亚–克罗地亚语的身份问题从19世纪中期开始就饱受争议。这个名称反映出双重性身份:克罗地亚语和塞尔维亚语。塞尔维亚–克罗地亚语的外部辨识度较强,足以让其与邻国的语言自然区分。但它的内部辨识度较弱,具有"埃"(e)化方言和"伊耶"(ije)化方言两种分化形式,并有拉丁字母和西里尔字母两种分化书写形式。随着南斯拉夫的解体,在新成立的国家,主体民族使用的语言取代塞尔维亚–克罗地亚语成为标准语:波黑语、黑山语、克罗地亚语和塞尔维亚语相继确立。对这些国家而言,语言是国家身份和民族文化身份的重要象征,因此他们不懈地追求语言身份。

Although there are many standards to follow,the determination of language identity is still a highly controversial issue.In addition to linguistic factors,non-linguistic factors also play an important role.In the 1990 s,Yugoslavia disintegrated,and the original member states gradually became independent new countries,the problem of language identity became obvious.The issue of Serbo-Croatian identity has been controversial since the mid-19 th century.This name reflects dual identity:Serbian and Croatian.Serbo-Croatian has a strong external recognition that is sufficiently distinguishable from the language of neighbouring countries.However,its internal identification is weak,with two forms of differentiation:the"e"dialect and the"ije"dialect,along with the differentiation of alphabets:the Latin alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet.With the disintegration of Yugoslavia,in the newly established countries,the language used by the main ethnic group replaced Serbo-Croatian as the standard language:Bosnian,Montenegro,Croatian and Serbian.For these countries,language is an important symbol of national identity and national cultural identity,so they relentlessly pursue and ensure their language identity.