基本核心词词义的数量及其内部关系——对50种语言词义数据的分析探索

The Number of Basic Kernel Word Meanings and Their Internal Relationships--Analysis of Lexical Semantic Data for 50 Languages

本文收集50种语言中60个基本核心词的词义,通过数量分析、引申能力赋分、网络图谱等方法对其词义数量和关系进行探索。文章认为,基本核心词义项数量均值为2~3个(最多达到28个)。动词、形容词平均义项数量最多,名词、否定副词随后,数词、代词较少。对不同引申深度的义项进行赋分后,6个词类的分值顺序与义项数量相同,但具体词排名不完全一样。词义网络图谱中,基本核心词被聚为12小类,词类对聚类有影响但不起决定作用。动、名、形3个词类形成较大词团,词类内通过[±趋向](动词)等特征聚为小类。大、小类之间,有些词有连接不同类别词的作用,如hand连接动词、身体部位名词等;其他一些基本核心词也可以跨词类引申,但没有类似作用。

In this paper,the meanings of 60 basic kernel words in 50 languages was collected,and the number of their meanings and their internal relationships were explored through quantitative analysis,derivational ability assignment,and network mapping.It shows that the mean number of basic kernel word meanings is 2 to 3(up to 28).Verbs and adjectives have the highest average number of meaning items,followed by nouns and negative adverbs,and fewer counters and pronouns.After assigning scores to the meaning items with different derivation depths,the six word classes have the same order of scores and number of meaning items,but the ranking of specific words is not exactly the same.The basic kernel words were clustered into 12 subclasses in the word semantic network mapping,and word classes had an influence on clustering but did not play a decisive role.The 3 word classes of verb,noun,and pronoun form larger word clusters,which were clustered into smaller classes within word classes by features such as[±directional](verb).Between the large and small classes,some words played the role of connecting words of different categories,such as“hand”connecting verbs and nouns referring to body part;some other basic kernel words could also derivate across word classes,but did not play a similar role.