从变价的角度看古汉语动词“他动词化”的趋势

The Trend of Transitivizing in Ancient Chinese Verbs from the Perspective of Valence Change

论文区分了语义价和句法价。古汉语动词从先秦至唐宋时期,除了"自动词化"的趋势之外,还有一种"他动词化"的趋势。这种趋势可以分为两种情况:(一)部分动词或形容词经由使动用法逐渐演变为他动词,包括两类:1.词义使动构词。如"立""退""止""上"。2.音变使动构词。如"下""出""坏""沉"。这两种情况的"他动词化"是动词语义价增加的一种结果。(二)部分兼有及物和不及物用法的动词或形容词,中古以后自动用法陆续消失,结果只剩下他动用法。如"治""伐""拔"。上古汉语动词在演变过程中,既有自动词化,也有他动词化,二者都是指动词或形容词用于变价结构,其句法价和语义价同时发生改变。

The paper distinguishes between semantic valence and syntactic valence.In addition to intransitivizing trend,there is a transitivizing trend in ancient Chinese verbs from the pre-Qin to the Tang and Song Dynasties.This trend can be divided into two classes:(a)Some verbs or adjectives are gradually evolved into transitive verbs by utilizing causative usage.This includes two types:the causative word-formation of words like li(立),tui(退),zhi(止),or shang(上)by lexical meaning and the causative word-formation of words like xia(下),chu(出),huai(坏),chen(沉)by tonal modification.In this case,transitivizing is a result of the increase in semantic valence of verb.(b)Some verbs or adjectives with both transitive and intransitive usage only keep transitive usage.Their intransitive usages have gradually disappeared since the Middle Ages,such as zhi(治),fa(伐),ba(拔),and etc.In the evolution process of ancient Chinese verbs,there are both intransitivizing and transitivizing trend.Both refer to verbs or adjectives used in variable valence structure,and their syntactic valence and semantic valence change simultaneously.