湘西乡话浊音声母的多角度考察

A multi-dimensional study on voiced initials in the Xianghua dialect of western Hunan province

本文以今读浊音的单音节字词为研究对象,采取传统分析方法和现代语音实验相结合的手段,从音系地位、声学特征、与声调的关系等多个角度对湘西乡话浊音声母进行考察。音系方面,乡话的浊音具有独立的音系地位,与清音声母可出现在同一声调中,形成最小对立,这种共时的清浊最小对立有的古来就有清浊之别,有的则是后来形成的对立。声学特征方面,乡话的浊音绝大多数是带音的常态真浊音(少数字有内爆变体),且大部分伴有气声,"带音+气声"是乡话浊音声母与清音对立的主要形式。也有少数字单纯靠"气声"或"带音"与清音对立。与声调的关系方面,既探讨了浊音声母对平声阴阳分化、演变的影响,又分析了清浊同调在声学上的具体表现,提出了关于清高浊低生成机理的思考。

In modern Xianghua dialect of the western Hunan province,some monosyllabic words are pronounced with voiced initials.This paper investigates the features of these voiced initials,including their phonological identities,acoustic features and their relationship with tones based on both traditional phonological analyses and modern phonetic experiments.Phonologically,these voiced initials have independent phonological identity as they can carry the same tone with the corresponding voiceless initials,thus to constitute minimal pairs.From diachronic perspectives,some of these minimal pairs have already showed the voiceless-voiced contrast in Middle Chinese while the others appear to stand in contrast only in modern Xianghua dialect.Acoustically,most voiced initials in the Xianghua dialect are canonical sonants,with a few having implosive variants,and are mostly with breathy voice.These features serve as the main indicators of the contrast between voiceless and voiced initials in the Xianghua dialect although there are a few pairs which differ only in breathy voice or only in voicing.With regard to the relation between voiced initials and tones,the paper discusses how voiced initials influenced the differentiation between high level tones and rising tones during their diachronic evolution.It also sheds lights on the acoustic manifestation of Qingzhuo tongdiao(tones shared between the voiced-voiceless pairs)and the generating mechanism of Qinggao zhuodi(voiceless initials lifting the pitch register while voiced ones lowering it).