复杂句式的扁平化——纪念朱德熙先生百年诞辰

What does the flattening of complex constructions tell us:In commemoration of the 100 birthday of Prof. ZHU Dexi

朱德熙先生的语法研究,在复杂句式的歧义分化方面显示了很强的能力。本文选取《语法讲义》中几个代表性句式,结合我们对汉语语法的新认识,做进一步的推演和讨论。论及的句式有:一、"我知道你去过了"三种意思涉及的不同来历;二、包含动词"给"的复杂句式的切分问题;三、由动词"有"组成的连谓结构的不同性质;四、"他的老师当得好"是看成准定语现象还是话题现象;五、两组形同实异的"主谓结构做状态补语"现象反映了什么事实。通过句法易位的办法,我们看到复杂句式是怎么由松散的"零句"整合而成的。用事实说明,汉语句法以"扁平性"为常态,而立体的递归性层次结构,只是一定语用条件下的自然推导,不是汉语句法的强制性要求。

Prof.ZHU Dexi’s research on Chinese grammar has provided thought-provoking insights into the clarification of ambiguous interpretations of complex constructions.Based on recent researches on Chinese grammar,this paper revisits five sentence constructions discussed in one of his works,the Yufa Jiangyi(Lectures on Grammar).Questions explored here include the different origins of three possible interpretations of the sentence"Wǒzhīdào nǐqùguo le",the segmentation of complex sentences with gei,the inherent features of serial predicate structures containing you,the classification of sentences like"Tāde l?oshīdāng de h?o"as a quasi-attribute construction or a topic construction,and the language facts reflected by two different types of sentences which both contain subject-predicate structures as complement.By means of syntactic transposition,we can see clearly how complex constructions are constituted by"minor sentences".These lead to the conclusion that Chinese syntax takes"flatness"as the norm,and recursive hierarchical structure is not a mandatory requirement of Chinese syntax but just a natural deduction under certain pragmatic conditions.