分立、交汇与自立:晚清民国剧场管理体制的现代演化(1866—1937)

Separation,Intersection and Self-Reliance:Modern Evolution of Theatre Management System in the Late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China(1866-1937)

晚清民国时期特殊的社会环境使西方现代化剧场进入中国社会,与中国本土剧场业相结合,推动中国剧场业的现代演化。在此期间,剧场代替戏班成为戏剧演出活动的核心,变为官方、群众、表演者的交汇点。管理体制作为自上而下影响行业发展的重要因素,虽然具有被动性发展的特点,但其本身对中国剧场业、演剧业的现代演化起到了定向的关键作用。从1866年至1937年这一时段的诸多史料出发,我们可以清楚发现晚清民国剧场管理体制的现代演化具有中西分立、交汇改良、自在发展三个特征性演变阶段。对于晚清民国剧场管理体制的梳理、审视,在一定程度上弥补了晚清民国戏剧研究的缺漏,对当代中国剧场管理体制的现代性特征进行了溯源。

The special social environment of the late Qing and Republican periods allowed the modern western theatre to enter the Chinese society,and combined with the local theatre industry to promote the modern evolution of the Chinese theatre industry.During this period,the theatre replaced the opera troupe as the core of theatrical performance activities,and became the meeting point of the officials,the masses and the performers.The management system,as an important factor influencing the development of the industry from the top down,although characterised by passive development,itself played a key role in orienting the modern evolution of China's theatre and performance industry.Starting from many historical materials in the period from 1866 to 1937,it can be clearly found that the modern evolution of the theatre management system in the late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China has three characteristic evolutionary phases,namely,the separation of East and West,the intersection and improvement,and the selfdevelopment.The compilation and examination of the late Qing and Republican theatre management system has,to a certain extent,made up for the omission of the late Qing and Republican theatre studies,and traced the modern characteristics of the contemporary Chinese theatre management system.