德国公共剧场述略

An Overview of Public Theatres in Germany

公共剧场(dasöffentliche Theater)是德国多样戏剧景观的关键组成部分,在德国社会占有重要地位,并在历经两个半世纪的发展后于内部形成一套稳定的公共剧场制度,即“艺术总监制”“专属剧团制”“演出计划制”和“保留剧目制”等,这为20世纪以来德语戏剧的蓬勃发展提供了有力保障。但由于高额的公共补助和逐渐有限的社会影响,当下的德国公共剧场陷入合法化被质疑等危机,这促使其在外部组织形式、内部管理结构、美学工作及公共关系等方面的变革。引介他国成熟的公共剧场制度和体系,以及危机应对措施和改革趋势,对我国剧场管理及运作制度的构建具有借鉴意义。

The public theatres are the key component of Germany's diverse theatre landscape and occupy an important place in German society.They have formed a stable public theatre institution after development of two and a half centuries,namely,the"Intendant principle",the"Ensemble principle",the"Spielplan principle"and the"Repertoire principle"etc.,which have provided a strong guarantee for the flourishing of German-speaking theatre since the twentieth century.However,high public subsidies and progressively limited social influence have plunged the current German public theatres into crises such as questioned legitimacy,which has prompted changes in their external forms of organization,internal management structure,aesthetic works,and public relations.The introduction of mature public theatre institutions and systems in other countries,as well as crisis response measures and reform trends,can provide valuable insights for the development of theatre management and operation systems in China..