木邦军民宣慰使司——论元明时期罕氏土司家族的兴起与衰亡

The Mu-Bang Military-cum-Civilian Pacification Commission:The Rise and Decline of the Hkam Family in Yuan and Ming Dynasties

木邦土司兴起于13世纪,是元明时期滇边地区傣族先民建立的土司政权之一。明初置木邦军民宣慰使司,以罕氏首领世袭土司之职。本文主要梳理了木邦罕氏土司的谱系,重点探讨了木邦土司兴亡过程,以及木邦与周边土司政权关系嬗易。总体而言,木邦军民宣慰司经历了罕氏土司的兴起(1399—1453)、内乱与衰落(1453—1544)、最终走向灭亡(1544—1605)的三个历史阶段。木邦宣慰司的历史变迁既是滇西傣掸土司历史发展进程的缩影,同时也反映了明代经略西南边疆的由积极到保守的总体趋势。

The Mu-Bang(Hsenwi,Shan state,Burma),which rose in the 13th century,was one of the chiefdom founded by the ancestors of the Dai(Tai)people in western Yunnan during the Yuan and Ming era.The Ming Dynasty established the Mu-Bang Military-cum-Civilian Pacification Commission(Mù bāng jūnmín xuān wèi shǐ sī 木邦军民宣慰司)or Mu-Bang Pacification Commission for the chieftains and the Hkam family(罕氏)was appointed as hereditary Pacification Commissioner(xuān wèi shǐ 宣慰使 Hsüan-wei shih).This article tries to sort out the genealogy of the Hkam cheiftain and discusses the history of the Mu-Bang Pacification Commission and the relationship between Mu-Bang and its neighboring regimes.In generally,the history of the Mu-Bang Pacification Commission experienced three stages:the period of the Hkam family’s rise(1399-1453),the period of civil strife and decline(1453-1544),and the period of final demise(1544-1605).It can be found that the rise and fall of the Mu-Bang Pacification Commission is the epitome of the historical development of the Dai-Shan peoples in Tai Yai area,and it also reflects the overall trend of China’s management of the southwestern frontiers in the Ming era from aggressive to conservative.