防宋和御寇:元代海防的发展与演变

Defending the Song Dynasty and Pirates:Development and Evolution of Coastal Defense in Yuan Dynasty

在中国海防发展史上,元代是一个重要的转折时期,统一消弭了国内不同政权间的海上冲突,但后期出现了日趋严重的倭患,沿海地区频遭骚扰,给海防带来巨大压力,海防开始转向对外防御。元代的海防随着军事征服的进程与需要逐步建立并发展,海防的区域初期侧重河北、山东沿海,属于对宋防御体系中的一环;灭宋后重心移到东南沿海,海防的对象有海寇和倭寇。有元一代,沿海防御主要依托既有的军事镇戍体系,中央由最高军事机构枢密院总理戍守、调度之务,地方则归行省管辖,沿海州郡具体执行;沿海万户府为江浙行省管辖下专司浙东沿海守御之机构,治庆元,分镇浙东诸路。

On the development history of China’s coastal defense,Yuan Dynasty was in an important turning point,unified elimination of maritime threats between different regimes.However,peril of Japanese pirates appears and becomes more and more serious in the later period,constantly destroying the peace of the coastal areas and has caused tremendous pressure on coastal defense,coastal defense began to turn to the outside world.With the military conquest process and need,coastal defense was gradually established.The area of coastal defense focuses on the coastal areas of Hebei,Shandong,in the early stages of the dynasty,belongs to a link in the defense system of Song Dynasty;after defeating the Song Dynasty,the focus of coastal defense shifted to the Southeast coast.The targets of coastal defense were sea pirates and Japanese pirates.Throughout the Yuan Dynasty,its coastal defense mainly rely on the existing military town garrison system,the Privy Council and the provinces are jointly responsible for the arrangement and dispatch of coastal defense forces,a special regional coastal defense organization,which called Yanhai wanhufu,has been established and managed by Jiangzhe provinces,responsible for the defense of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal areas.