愚蠢还是无奈——乾隆朝两次金川战争清军攻碉战术新探

Stupid or Helpless:A new study towards the military strategy of the Qing Army against Blockhouse in the two Jinchuan campaigns during Qianlong reign

乾隆朝两次金川战争中,攻碉是清军使用的核心进攻战术。传统观点认为,攻碉战术愚蠢落后,是造成战争旷日持久、劳师糜饷的关键因素。本文则提出了不同看法,指出在当时的条件下,如欲平定两金川土司,清军战术选择的空间非常有限,基本只有攻碉这一种途径。"以碉攻碉"的战术并不完全是消极做法,反而具有一定的积极意义。第一次金川战争时,傅恒曾批评攻碉战术,但他自己提出的作战设想实践效果同样一般。第二次金川战争后期,将军阿桂虽然最终获胜,但取胜方式仍以攻碉为主,战术层面的创新之处是非常有限的。

During the two Jinchuan campaigns of Qianlong reign,the major military strategy of the Qing Army was to conquer the blockhouses of the Jinchuan chieftains.The traditional view was that this strategy was stupid and backward which caused the warfare lasting for a long time.However,this article introduces different views and points out that there were very few choices of strategy for defeating the Jinchuan Chieftains,i.e.,basically conquering blockhouse was the only choice.By“using blockhouse against blockhouse”was not a negative practice,on the contrary it had some positive significance.In the first Jinchuan Campaign,General Fuheng had criticized this strategy but his own suggestion did not get significant effect.In the late period of the second Jinchuan Campaign,General Agui acquired victory exactly by conquering blockhouse.