直省边缘、中原屏障——清代“北边”“沿边”“内边”辨析

Periphery of China proper——An analysis of“northern frontier”,“along border”and“inner frontier”of the Qing Dynasty

清朝北部边疆的拓展是依次进行的,漠南蒙古、漠北蒙古、青海蒙古、漠西蒙古纳入清朝版图的时间不一,故由于原明九边地区地理位置不同,其在清朝的战略地位也不同。清代,辽东在山海关外,原明长城已被柳条边所取代,太原镇地处山西腹地,不在明边墙附近,且偏关长城一带绿营亦被划归大同镇。九边中的其他"七边",依然处于直省同藩部的交界处,位于明边墙的南侧,故具有一定的共同性,即:皆为长城以南沿边地区。对于内地而言,这些地方是直省的边缘,但是对于漠南、漠北、漠西蒙古等区域而言,这些地方又是十足的内地。

The territories of the northern frontier of the Manchu-Qing Empire,included Inner Mongolia,Outer Mongolia,Qinghai,Zunghar Mongol,were absorbed step by step.Therefore,the strategic defense of border of the Qing was very different with the so-called"nine borders"of the China proper(Ming Dynasty).In the Qing Dynasty,the eastern Liaoning area was outside the Shanhaiguan pass,and Liaoning’s part of Great Wall was replaced by willow border.Next,the Taiyuan of Shanxi province became the hinterland of Qing Dynasty where it got no more military importance.However,the other seven"borders"along the Great Wall were still considered as a kind of border region because they were between the province administration and the Mongol vassals of the Qing Empire.These areas were still considered as a border and the edge of the provinces while they were considered as same as the inland provinces of China proper by those Mongols and other vassal states of the Qing Empire.