元代徽政院研究

The Study of Hui Zheng Yuan in Yuan Dynasty

徽政院是元代中后期隶属当朝皇太后的内廷家政机构,始设于至元三十一年元成宗即位后。从本质上看,徽政院是蒙古斡耳朵旧制在汉地的延续,具有"内蒙外汉"的特点。元代徽政院主要存在于两个时期:元成宗即位至泰定元年,至顺三年宁宗即位至至正九年之前。徽政院院官多为太后近臣或陪嫁人,亦有南宋、高丽宦官,可在内廷、外朝机构间迁转,且部分院官还同时兼任外朝官职。徽政院在院官选用、赋税征收、司法审判等方面享有诸多特权。在日常行政运作中,徽政院官员凭借太后权势,不但千方百计维护自身利益,还屡屡绕开有司,直接插手外朝事务,对元代政治造成了诸多负面影响。

The Huizheng Yuan(Hui-cheng yüan,or the Bureau of the Dowager Empress)was an inner court housekeeping institution under the empress dowager in the middle and late Yuan dynasty.It was established after the throne of Temur Qaghan Yuan Chengzong in the thirty-first year of Zhiyuan(1294 AD).In essence,Huizheng Yuan was a continuation of the old Mongolian Ordo system in the China proper.Thus,it contained the characteristics called as"Mongolian internally,Chinese externally".The Huizheng Yuan of the Mongol-Yuan Dynasty mainly existed in two periods:from the reign of Temur Qaghan Yuan Chengzong to the first year of Taiding(1294-1324 AD),and from Yuan Ningzong to the ninth year of Zhizheng(1332-1349 AD).The Huizheng Yuan officials were mostly empress dowager’s courtier or dowries,as well as eunuchs from the Southern Song Dynasty and KoryoKorea.Those officials could be promoted across both the imperial court and bureaucratic government,and even some of them took posts in both of them.The Huizheng Yuan enjoyed many privileges in the selection of officials,collection of taxes,and judicial trials.In the usual administrative operation,Huizheng Yuan officials did everything possible in order to protect their own interests.They also bypassed the relevant bureaucratic departments and intervened them directly,which caused many negative effects on the politics of the Yuan Dynasty.