蒙元时期曲阜孔氏仕宦考

A Study on the Officials from the Confucius family from Qufu in the Mongol-Yuan era

蒙元统治者以边疆异族入主中原,在尊孔崇儒方面并不逊于汉族建立的封建王朝。元代曲阜孔氏在仕版者众多,是仕宦人数最多的汉人家族,位列显宦者不乏其人,显示元统治者对待圣裔颇为优厚,这也是元统治者尊孔崇儒的一个显著特征。其入仕途径,前期主要是降附,中后期则凭借元廷的"孔氏恩例",由教官而吏员,由吏员而出职,进而晋升行政官员或其他系统职官。孔思晦和孔思立进入中朝,历官省、台,得益于朝中华化的蒙古、色目人和汉人权臣的提拔。其仕宦分布,在教官和礼仪、文化系统任职者居多,跟其家族传统有关;在监察系统任职者亦颇多,则得益于孔淑、孔元敬的庇荫。

The rulers of Mongol-Yuan Dynasty were from the steppe outside the northern frontier of China proper.However,they paid respect to the Confucius no less than any dynasty ruling by Han-Chinese.The Kong clan(family name of Confucius)in Qufu(曲阜)during the Mongol-Yuan era got a large number of members worked as officials,and the number was the most within those Han-Chinese clans within the Mongol-Yuan Empire.For those officials,many of whom owned very high ranks.The Mongol-Yuan rulers treated the descendants of Confucius very generously,which was a noteworthy feature of“respect Confucius”policy of the Mongol-Yuan Dynasty.In the early stage,the members of Kong clan to were appointed as officials mostly because they surrendered to the Mongols.Since the mid-Yuan era,most members of Kong clan relied the“Grace on Kong clan”to be the officials,in which they would be appointed as educational officers,then clerks,and finally officials in administrative departments step by step.Kong Sihui(孔思晦)and Kong Sili(孔思立)joined the central government,from the Central Secretariat to Censorate,benefiting from the support by the Mongol,Semu(色目“various kinds”),and Han-Chinese powerful officials.The distribution of officials,mostly in the educational,ritual,and cultural systems,was because of the Confucian tradition;there were also many positions in the supervisory system,which benefit from the Protection(yin荫)by virtue of paternal elders like Kong Shu(孔淑)and Kong Yuanjing(孔元敬).