古代东亚海域日本史料中的“和式汉文书”考

A Study on “Japanese-style Chinese Documents” in Japanese Historical Materials in the Ancient East Asian Seas

古代东亚各国之间的"涉外文书",都是以汉语记事。日本自有史料可考开始,对中国以及东亚海域诸国的"涉外文书"都由汉文书写成。镰仓时期,日本汉文史书开始出现"和式汉文书"的表达形式,包括"候文体""日语训读""被"字结构和"倒装体"的表达方式。有时同一个涉外事件的记事,其"涉外文书"对内文书的记事也有所不同。东亚海域的"汉文书"表明中国一直是文化的输出者,是东亚秩序的制定者,而周边各国与中国则结成朝贡和宗属关系。随着"和式汉文书"的出现,表明汉语文书开始在日本弱化,"和式汉文书"逐渐成熟,并最终形成以汉字假名混合书写的日语表达方式,标志着中国对日本的影响力的下降。本文拟通过对"和式汉语词汇""和式候文体""音读""训读混合记事"等"和式汉文书"的表达方法解读,来探索日本文字、社会和东亚海域国际关系的演变。

The"foreign documents"among the ancient East Asian countries were all recorded in Chinese.Since Japan’s historical materials are available,its"foreign documents"relating to China and other countries in the East Asian seas were all written in Chinese.During the Kamakura period,Japanese history books in Chinese began to appear in the expression form of"Japanese-style Chinese documents",including the expressions of"Houwen style","Japanese exegetic reading","bei"structure and"inverted construction".Sometimes the record of the same foreign affairs is recorded in a distinctively different way in the internal documents,which is an interesting phenomenon.The"Chinese documents"in the East Asian Seas indicate that China has always been the exporter of culture and the maker of the East Asian order,while neighboring countries have formed tributary and clan relations with China.With the emergence of"Japanese-Chinese documents",Chinese documents have begun to weaken in Japan,"Japanese-Chinese documents"have gradually matured and a Japanese expression in Chinese characters mixed with kana eventually formed,which mark the declining influence of China on Japan.This paper,through the analysis and interpretation of expressions in the"Japanese-style Chinese documents"such as"Japanese-style Chinese vocabulary","Japanese-style Houwen style","phonetic reading"and"Mixed notes of exegetic and phonetic reading",intends to explore the evolution of Japanese characters,society and international relations in East Asia.