元代法律中的“十恶”问题——兼论《事林广记》中《大元通制》节文的真伪

The issue of Ten Categories of Major Crimes in Yuan Dynasty——Also about fact or fiction of the Dayuantongzhi in Zhishun version’s Shilinguangji

元代法律中是否存在"十恶",历来不同学者有不同的看法。结合元代诸史料,并通过分析其中留下的蛛丝马迹可以发现,元代的法律不存在传统中华法系中明确规定的"十恶"刑名体系,其若干史料中记载的"十恶"多为元人依其时的断例和条格总结比附而来。其中,《事林广记》所载《大元通制》节文应确实录自《通制》本身,其所谓"十恶令"很可能存于当时《通制》所辑《别类》中,而非《名例》中。另外,即使元代法律中不存在狭义的"十恶"刑名体系,但"十恶"的法律精神却在元代发挥着巨大的影响。它可能是在元初对金《泰和律》的比附中逐渐融入元代司法,并随着元代在汉地统治程度的加深,逐渐在诏赦、科举、荫补和封赠等领域发挥作用,其适应范围亦涵盖元代统治全境的所有人。

Different scholars has different views that if there is Ten Categories of Major Crimes in Yuan Dynasty law.According to the historical materials we could find that,there is no Ten Categories of Major Crimes which is explicitly stipulated in Chinese legal system in Yuan Dynasty.The materials which record Ten Categories of Major Crimes in Yuan Dynasty are because they are summarized by Yuan Dynasty law but not the original law text.However,one of the Yuan Dynasty law Dayuantongzhi parts of which are recorded in Zhishun version’s Shilinguangji are fact,and what it records about Ten Categories of Major Crimes may probably excerpts from the Bielei which is part of the Dayuantongzhi.Finally,even there is no Ten Categories of Major Crimes which is explicitly stipulated in Chinese legal system in Yuan Dynasty,but its spirit of law still has a huge influence in Yuan Dynasty.It may intergrate into the law by using Taihelv which legislates in Jin Dynasty during the early Yuan Dynasty,and with the rule is more deeper,the Ten Categories of Major Crimes’s spirit of law plays a role in amnesty,imperial examinations,inheritance,appointment and so on.Its range of application include all people in Yuan Dynasty.