危机即转机:金蒙之际华北新家族史的建构

A Crisis that was an Opportunity:the Reconstruction of Family Histories in Northern China between Jurchen-Jin and Mongol-Yuan Rule

本文以入元后因重建家族史而产生的碑、铭、状、记资料为本,以三个家族(豪侠、商贾、小吏)为例,呈现从贞祐南迁到壬辰北渡这近廿年,动荡于河东、河南、河北地区,处于核心政治、文化菁英圈外围的家族,如何应对改朝换代之际的政治信息、家庭生命财产的威胁以及新时代的挑战。首先,无论家族背景为何,都以祖、父、己身构成线状描述核心,对于追溯宋以前的先祖或地望兴趣不大。再者,强调自己现今的成就与祖、父在金蒙之际的应对之道有紧密关系,更彰显父、祖在当时的危机中采取的策略,成为家族的转机。最后,朝代更迭的家国悲怆与对前朝的忠诚问题,淡薄到难以察觉,与透过中州士人之眼所看到的金蒙之际,俨然是另外一种认识,不仅是乱中求存的面貌,更是机会的到来与边缘家族向核心流动的过程。

This study attempts to transcend the usual focus by using the reconstructions of family histories in inscriptions.It takes three families(of knightserrant,merchants,and clerks)as examples to show how they responded to political information during the dynastic transition,threats to family property,and other new challenges between 1214 and 1232.From the Zhenyou Migration to the Renchen Migration was a period of unrest in the Hedong,Henan,and Hebei regions.Regardless of their family background,their family histories focus on describing their grandfathers,fathers,and themselves;they are not interested in tracing their families to ancestors before the Song dynasty.They also stress their how their accomplishments were related to the strategies that their grandfathers and fathers adopted during the Jin-Yuan transition.By doing so they all turned crises into opportunities for their families.Also,the grief over the previous dynasty and the problem of loyalty rarely figured in their family histories,if at all.This view of the Jin-Yuan transition is starkly different from the one seen from the lens of scholars from the"Central Plain":it reveals how families sought to survive during crises,and also how opportunities arose for them and how marginal families rose to importance.