韵律与上古汉语称呼语的几个问题

Prosody and Several Issues on Address Forms in Archaic Chinese

称呼语是一个自成段落的韵律单位,至少应该是一个韵律词,那么,它不可能只含一个韵素。《论语》用例显示,当时人们的称呼可以用一个字来表达,说明单音节的韵素音步在语言中发生作用。同时,有迹象显示,双音节的称呼语正在成长,到汉代,称呼语已经是双音节为主,音节音步取代韵素音步是这个时代的显著特征。

Address forms can often be independent from a complete sentence or act as a constituent of a sentence,so they have a unique significance in the expression of prosody and rhythm.Address forms are quite different between the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties.This paper probes into the document of the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties,analyses and counts the number of syllables of address,and observes the transition from monosyllabic address forms of the Pre-Qin Dynasty to disyllabic address forms of the Han Dynasty.A.Monosyllabic address forms in Pre-Qin documents There are many such use cases in Lunyu(《论语》,The Analects of Confucius).Such as:Confucius said,"Gu?(求)!What will you do?""Khljag(赤)!What will you do?""Teem(点)!What will you do?"(Confucius)said,"Khw??(丘)do not know the nature of the drugs,therefore I shall be afraid to use it."Among them,"Gu?,Khljag,Teem"and"Khw??"are monosyllabic address forms,which are self-contained prosodic units.They should be at least a prosodic word with two moras.B.Pre-Qin monosyllabic foot is gradually giving way to disyllabic foot1.In the Pre-Qin Dynasty,address forms often add virtual syllables to formdisyllable address forms,such as"赐也"and"参乎"and so on.2.Address forms use monosyllables in the text,and disyllables in the dialog.It can be seen that in spoken language,disyllabic address forms have gradually taken the dominant position,while in written language they still lag behind.3.In ancient times,people have biaozi(alias related to the meaning of names)besides their names.Biaozi was a specialized address form.Pre-Qin biaozi are monosyllabic and also disyllabic.It can be seen that the monosyllabic and disyllabic address forms in that era are in the process of alternation.C.The disyllabization of address forms in Han Dynasty has been completed 1.Zhongni Dizi Liezhuan(Biography of Disciples of Confucius)of the history book Shiji(史记)in the early Western Han Dynasty introduces the names and biaozi of Confucius’s disciples.The book Kongzi Jiayu(《孔子家语》)compiled by Wang Su(王肃)of the Three Kingdoms Period,inherited these contents,however abandons the monosyllabic biaozi of the former and changes it into a disyllable form.2.There are 20 cases in Shiji which clearly mark biaozi for its biographical objects,including 11 cases of monosyllabic and 9 cases of disyllaic.There are 179 clearly marked biaozi in the history book Hanshu(《汉书》),of which 17 are monosyllabic.The history book Houhanshu(《后汉书》)records 595 biaozi,only 6 of which are monosyllabic.We can think that by the late Eastern Han Dynasty,people’s biaozi had been disyllabic,which reflected from one aspect that the disyllabic address forms had replaced the monosyllabic ones,and the prosodic structure of Chinese had completed the transformation from the disyllabic to the monosyllabic.D.Further discussion on two issues related to address forms Address forms can be divided into vocative and appellation forms.Vocative does not act as a sentence element.Appellation acts as a sentence element and can appear in the nominative,genetive and accusative positions to refer to somebody or something.In Chinese language after the Han Dynasty,vocative only uses disyllables.In addition to the disyllabic word,appellation also uses monosyllabic personal pronouns.We summarize the prosodic rules that"appellation can be light,and vocative must be heavy".When addressing words do not carry sentence stress,monosyllable personal pronouns can be used,while disyllabic word must be used when carrying sentence stress.This is the prosodic rule that"light intonation uses light words,and heavy intonation uses heavy words".