历史、文学、实用:三个维度下墓碑创作与评价

A Study on the Creation and Evaluation of Tomb Inscriptions from the Dimensions of History,Literature and Practicality

历史、文学与实用是观照墓碑的三个维度,历史维度要求尊重事实,表现为评价的客观性;文学维度体现文本诗性,表现为创作的能动性;实用维度充斥着社会因素,表现为权力的支配性。文人在墓碑的创作中,会受到历史和实用两个维度的限制,不能自由发挥,需要审慎地应对行状的制约,处理与求铭者的关系。但难以在满足求文者心理需求的同时,又兼顾书写的真实性与艺术性,于是墓碑刻板和虚伪的弊病随之产生。在墓碑漫长的发展历程中虽然存在创新,但整体上仍是保守甚至停滞的。经由三个维度综合审视墓碑,能够对其创作传统有更深刻的把握,对于研究其他应用文体也有借鉴意义。

History,literature and practicality are the three dimensions of observing tomb inscriptions.The historical dimension requires respect for facts,which is manifested in the objectivity of evaluation.The literary dimension embodies the poetic nature of the text and shows the initiative of creation.The dimension of practicality is fraught with social factors and is manifested as the dominance of power.In the creation of tomb inscriptions,the literati will be confined by both the historical and practical dimensions and unable to bring their abilities into full play.It is necessary to carefully deal with the constraints of the brief biographical sketch and the relationship with the one who commissions the inscription on the tomb.However,it is difficult to meet the psychological needs of the one who commissions the inscription on the tomb,while taking into account the authenticity and artistry of writing,so that the tomb inscription is not free from fabrication and stereotype.Although there are innovations in its long process of development,the tomb inscription as a whole is still conservative or even stagnant.By examining tomb inscription from the three dimensions,one can gain a keen insight into its creative tradition,which can also be used as a reference in the research of other practical genres.