心传与文授:营造匠人的学习生活

Enlighten by Koan & Instruct by Text:Architecture Craftsmen’s Learning Life

营造匠人是中国古代专门从事建筑建造的手工艺人。由于中国古代建筑在结构与材料上的特殊性,中国古代营造匠人承担着建筑设计、施工、管理等多方面的职能。中国营造匠艺由绘画、算诀、术数、典章与手艺等构成,其内涵之丰富早已超越了通常所说的"手艺"范畴。庞大的营造匠艺体系的学习旷日持久、形式多样,早已超越了通常所说的"师徒制""学徒制"范畴。营造匠人的学徒期有其严谨的架构。但"满师"之后的自我学习才是其能否一路向上的关键。"钞本""秘笈"的大量存在,一方面表明了营造匠人学习方式的多样性与学习过程的长期性,另一方面也说明了营造匠人对学习、对教育的重视。

The architecture craftsmen are handicraftsmen w ho specialize in building construction in ancient China.As the particularity of ancient Chinese buildings in the structure and materials,the ancient architecture craftsmen of China undertake multiple responsibilities including architectural design,construction,management,etc.The painting,the arithmetic,the shu-shu,the ordinances and the technical craftsmanship constitute the Chinese architecture craftsmanship in late pre-modern times together,w hich is far more beyond the current usual definition of"craftsmanship".The learning process of the huge architecture craftsmanship system is long lasting and highly diversified.It’s much more than the socalled"mentoring system"and"apprenticeship system".The architecture craftsmen’s"period of apprenticeship"has a strict framew ork.But the self-learning after"finishing apprenticeship"is the key to the success.The existence of many"hand-copied books"and"secret books"explains the diverse learning w ays and long-term learning process of architecture craftsmen on one hand,and show s their attention attached to learning and education on the other hand.