明末以来北京方言声调研究

Study on the Vocal Tones of the Beijing Dialect since the End of the Ming Dynasty

声调分阴平、阳平、上声、去声的北京方言材料最早见于明末。艾约瑟等北京声调只是对调类分类及调形的描述;佛尔克、高本汉等开始对北京调值进行记录。19世纪初叶(1800)北京方言的声调系统:阴平是高平,调值是HH(44—55);阳平是高升,调值是MH(24—35);上声是降升曲折,调值是MLH(213—214);去声是高降,调值是HL(41—51),此后到现代北京方言声调调形与调值基本没有变化。艾约瑟记录中北京方言的声调异读,可能是北京移民的方言底层读法。

The yinping(阴平),yangping(阳平),shangsheng(上声),and qusheng(去声)tones of Beijing dialect were first recorded at the end of the Ming Dynasty.The Beijing tonal system in the early 19th century(1800)is as follows:yinping is high and flat,with a tonal value of HH(44—55);yangping is high rising,with a tonal value of MH(24—35);shangsheng is falling-rising with a tonal value of MLH(213—214);and qusheng is high falling,with a tonal value of HL(41—51).Since then the tonal shapes and values of the Beijing dialect have remained largely unchanged until modern times.The tonal allophone reading of the Beijing dialect in the records of Joseph Edkins is probably the underlying dialectal reading of the Beijing immigrants.