上古汉语副词“既”“已”的时体功能及演化差异

The Differences of Tense-aspect Function and Evolution between the Adverbs ji(既)and yi(已)in Archaic Chinese

时间副词“既”和“已”在上古汉语中常用于表达完成体意义,但二者的时体功能和演化路径都不相同,在完成体用法、篇章分布等方面表现出显著差异。文章归纳了副词“既”“已”差异的五种表现,并从“词汇来源”和“完成体演化的一般规律”两个角度作出解释。副词“既”“已”的功能及演化差异反映了上古汉语体系统的特点,也在一定程度上支持并丰富了Bybee等(1994)的“完成阶段”理论。

The temporal adverbs ji(既)and yi(已)were often used to mark perfect aspect in archaic Chinese,but they have different tense aspect functions and evolutionary paths,which lead to significant differences in the pragmatic uses of perfect aspect and the distribution of discourse.This paper sums up five differences between ji(既)and yi(已),and explains those differences from the perspectives of the lexical origins and the general law of the evolution of perfect aspect.Those differences not only show us the characteristic of the aspectual system of the archaic Chinese,but also to some extent support and enrich the theory of perfage proposed by Bybee et al.(1994).