明清可能結構“V得來(不來)”“V得了(不了)”研究

Study of “V De Lai2(V Bu Lai2)” and “V De Liao3(V bu Liao3)” Constructions of Possibility in Old Mandarin

本文對明清時期可能結構"V得來(不來)""V得了(不了)"用法作了詳細考察描寫,並聯繫現代漢語普通話和方言,討論明清以来语法演变中通語與方言的互動關係。主要結論有:"V得來(不來)"産生於明中葉,是明清時期通行於南北的句法結構,在雙音謂詞使用上"V得來(不來)"明顯佔優勢;"V不了"元代産生,清中葉才在北方通語背景的作品中常見,同時出現肯定形式"V得了";两组结构与唐宋时期产生的"V得(不得)"此期在"許可"義表達上形成對立;從明清到現代漢語,"V得(不得)""V得來(不來)"退出通語,"V得來(不來)"表示客觀可能用法消失,"V得了(不了)"又一直只用於北方,漢語以可能結構表達可能的方式衰落了。

The study describes usages of the two kinds of constructions expressing possibility in old Mandarin,"V De Lai2(V Bu Lai2)"and"V De Liao3(V bu Liao3)",compares their use in old Mandarin and Modern Chinese,and discusses interaction between Mandarin and dialects of Chinese in the historical changes of the language.The main conclusions are as follows.Emerging in the mid-Ming Dynasty,"V De Lai2(V Bu Lai2)"was used both in the North and South of China,but also as a preponderant construction when the predicates were disyllables.On the other hand,"Vbu Liao3"was first used in Yuan Dynasty,but was not a common construction for possibility until the mid-Qing Dynasty.Its affirmative form"V De Liao3"also emerged at that time.The two kinds of constructions and"V de(V bu de)"which emerged during Tang and Song Dynasties formed complementary distribution in expressing"permission"in early Mandarin.Since Ming and Qing Dynasties,changes have occurred.The constructions of"V De(V bu de)"&"V De Lai2(V Bu Lai2)"has exited from Mandarin and remained in use only in dialects of modern Chinese,and"V De Lai2(V Bu Lai2)"has lost the sense of expressing objective possibility,while"V De Liao3(V bu Liao3)"has been used in the North of China.Because of all these changes,the ways of expressing possibility in syntactic structure have declined in Chinese.