關於漢語給予結構歷時演變的新見解——兼論漢語方言中的區别性與格標記

New Insights on the history of the dative constructions and on the differential dative marking in Mandarin and in some Chinese dialects

給予結構(dative construction)通常被認爲是最典型的三論元結構,包含一個動詞,一個施事(agent)論元(A),一個主題(theme)論元(T)以及一個類接受者(recipient)論元(R)。本文首先將介紹漢語中的六種給予結構。這六種結構可分爲兩大類:第一類爲論元不帶顯著標記的中性排列結構(neutral alignment);第二類是R論元帶顯著標記的間接排列結構(indirective alignment)。其次,本文將梳理漢語中這些結構以及這種區别性與格標記(differential dative marking)的現象在上古漢語、中古漢語乃至近代漢語中的演變。我們發現這種不平衡的編碼形式主要取決於動詞的次類以及給予結構中論元的語義角色。本文的最後一部分還將討論粵語中著名的"倒置雙賓結構"(V+T+R)。但除了粵語,該結構也存在於其他很多南方方言以及一些官話方言中,例如,江淮官話以及西南官話。我們認爲,倒置雙賓結構僅適用於給予義動詞,並且該結構並不是從中性排列結構(V+R+T)發展而來,而是通過删除R論元標記(即與格介詞)從間接排列結構(V+T+Marker+R)發展而來的。

Dative constructions are usually known to be the most typical three-argument constructions consisting of a verb,an agent argument(A),a theme argument(T)and a recipient-like argument(R).This article first gives an overview of the six dative constructions used in today’s standard Mandarin.The different structures can be divided into two main categories:(i)a first category labelled neutral alignment construction that groups patterns in which the sentences’arguments are not coded by a marker;(ii)a second one(indirective alignment construction),where a marker codes the R-argument.The paper also traces the historical evolution of these patterns and of this differential dative marking phenomena from the Archaic period to the Modern times through the different stages of the Medieval Chinese.It is shown that these asymmetric coding differences depend mainly on subclasses of verbs and on the semantic roles of the arguments involved in the dative alternation.A last section discusses what is called the‘inverted’ditransitive construction in Cantonese,i.e.the‘V+T+R’pattern that is also found in many other Southern dialects,but also in some Mandarin dialects of the Jianghuai or Southwesternen sub-groups.It is argued that the inverted ditransitive construction is only possible with giving verbs and that it is not derived from the neutral alignment construction V+R+T,but is derived from the indirective construction V+T+marker+R via the deletion of the R marker which is a dative preposition.