關於漢語詞類系統演變的思考

Some thoughts on the Word Class Systems of Chinese

漢語不同時期的詞類系統是什麽樣子?如何對不同歷史時期的漢語進行詞類劃分?這是研究漢語語法史面對的一個非常困難而又不能不認真探討的問題。不同歷史時期,漢語的詞類系統不完全一樣,不僅有大類的增加,還有大類之下次類的變化,特别是類與類的結合關係,不同時期差别更大。關於如何給漢語劃分詞類,學界進行了多次成規模的討論,劃分詞類的觀念也在不斷變化,也取得了不少共識。但因爲漢語詞類沒有形態標記,詞類與句法成分之間不存在整齊對應關係,導致確定劃分詞類的標準困難,這一困擾自古而然。要認識不同時期漢語的詞類系統,必須結合不同歷史時期漢語語法系統的特點,探尋各類詞的分布特征,探尋詞與詞的各種不同組合規則,從而確定不同歷史時期劃分詞類的有效的標準。

What the word class systems of Chinese are like during different historical periods?How to classify the words of Chinese in different periods?These are difficult but important issues which have to be dealt with in the studying of historical Chinese syntax.The word class systems of Chinese are not exactly the same during different periods of times,as new classes may emerge and subclasses under certain old classes may change,and the syntagmatic relations of words differs even more greatly.The academics has discussed in scale for several times over the classification of words in Chinese.As the conceptions of classification change over time,the academics managed to reach consensus over some issues.But since Chinese words are not morphologically marked,and its word classes do not correspond strictly with the syntactic components,it is difficult to establish a standard of word classification,and this has long been a trouble.To know more about the word class systems of Chinese during different periods of times,we must establish effective standards of word classification for each period by examining the distributional features of each word classes and exploring the syntagmatic rules of them with consideration of the characteristics of syntactic system of that period.