维汉接触中的竞争式有序匹配和异步回归——兼论汉语民族方言的形成与演变特点

Competitive regular mapping and asynchronous approximation in Chinese-Uyghur contact:On the formation and evolution of Chinese ethnic dialects

文章基于田野调查材料,考察维吾尔语和汉语接触中维吾尔族人习得汉语声调的过程和机制。研究发现,维式汉语声调的发展会先后经历三个阶段:无序匹配—调类的有序匹配—声调调值回归。维吾尔族人在刚开始学习汉语声调时,会以母语中存在的“平调(33)”“升调(24)”“降调(51)”三种调型无规律匹配汉语某个声调,属于无序匹配。声调的无序匹配会逐步转化为有序匹配。无序匹配向有序匹配的转化是通过不同匹配方式之间的竞争实现的。维式汉语声调调值的回归具有异步性。维式汉语声调的形成和演变,体现出汉语民族方言的变异性、中介性及其发展演变的动态性。

This paper,based on the Chinese and Uyghur language contact data collected through fieldwork,discusses in detail Uyghur speakers'acquisition of Mandarin tones.It is found that the development of Uyghur Chinese tones will go through three stages successively:irregular accent-tone mapping,regular accent-tone mapping of tone classes,and tone value approximation.Uyghur speakers map the three native pitch accents from the Uyghur prosodic system,i.e.,level,rise,and fall,to the four Mandarin tones.Initially,this mapping is random.As Uyghur speakers'Chinese proficiency improves,the previously irregular accent-tone mapping becomes more regular.The transformation from disordered matching to ordered matching is realized by the competition between different matching modes,and the ordered matching of different tones comes first and then.Tones that are matched to pitches in a regular way will gradually approximate towards their target tone value,again not at a uniform pace.The formation and evolution of Uyghur Chinese tones clearly reflect the variability and mediation in the formation of Chinese ethnic dialects,as well as the dynamic characteristics of the development and evolution of Chinese ethnic dialects.