从藏语理塘话与藏文的语音对应关系看藏语音节变迁

The Changes of Tibetan Syllables in the Light of the Phonetic Correspondence between Lithang Tibetan and Written Tibetan

文章以理塘县甲洼镇藏语的田野调查为基础,通过与藏文比较,观察藏语音节变迁。从藏文到理塘话,其音节结构发生了较大的变化,即ccCcVcc>CVcc(>CVc),主要表现为简化、存古和繁化。声母以简化为主,特别是复辅音单辅音化,即ccCc->C-,复辅音声母简化与复辅音结构有密切关系,根据不同的复辅音声母结构,遵循三种简化规则。韵母有简化、存古和繁化三种演变,其中简化主要体现在非存古的复韵尾的简化上,即-Vcc>-Vc;存古主要体现在少部分音节复韵尾的保留上,即仍旧为-Vcc;繁化主要体现在单元音韵母的增加以及复合元音韵母的产生上。这一系列的变化,最终使得现代藏语方言与藏文在音节结构上存在较大差异;同时也使得二者的声母和韵母在数量分布上存在较大差异。

Based on the fieldwork of Tibetan in Jiawa town,Lithang County,this paper explores the changes of Tibetan syllables by comparing with written Tibetan.From written Tibetan to Lithang Tibetan,the syllable structure has changed greatly,i.e.ccCcVcc>CVcc(>CVc),which is simplified,preserved or enriched.The initials are mainly simplified,including the simplification of consonantal cluster initials in particular,i.e.ccCc->C-.The simplification of consonantal cluster initials,which is closely related to their structures,follows three simplification rules according to different structures of consonantal cluster initials.The finals may be simplified,preserved,or enriched.The simplification of finals is mainly reflected in the simplification of consonantal cluster endings,i.e.-Vcc>-Vc.The preservation of finals is mainly reflected in the preservation of few consonantal cluster endings,i.e.-Vcc.The enrichment of finals is mainly reflected in the enrichment of monophthong finals and the occurrence of diphthong.It is found that there are great differences in syllable structure between modern Tibetan and Written Tibetan after the series of changes,and that there are also great differences in the number distribution of their initials and finals.