从祈愿到反事实

From Wish to Counterfactuality

文章讨论祈愿即愿望表达的反事实用法,论证其背景语义“愿望非真(非事实)”表达为显性反事实的语用实现机制。具体有两点:(1)“未成事实”即非事实是“愿望”之“希望将来实现”的语义蕴含,合预期的祈愿是将非事实实现为反事实表达的语义限制条件。祈愿的反事实解读依附于祈愿义,重音凸显祈愿实义或增强祈愿强度都能提升祈愿的反事实倾向。(2)祈愿的反事实在回应现实情况的语境中使用,限定论域的现实解读方向,提升背景语义“愿望非真”为显性的反事实表达,实现从祈愿到反事实的跨越,而无需诉诸社会物理世界的真实情况。祈愿在典型的事实陈述/提问的对话回应中体现反事实,随回应性凸显反事实性;在不太典型的现实世界事实状况的回应中,回应性减弱会增强反事实的负面情绪表达。祈愿所回应和否定的事实倾向于泛时静态的性状描述,其反事实表达对听说双方来说都是反预期的,由此形成说话人的同情立场,表达出“(很遗憾)客观事实不是你说的/我希望的那样”,否定对方的同时尽量尊重礼貌一致原则、维护对方面子;或者强调“事实非我愿”的客观性,突出反事实带来的负面情绪。

the paper discusses the counterfactual usage of wish⁃expressions,and proves the realization mechanism which promotes the backgrounded semantic component of such expressions(i.e.,wish is not real(non⁃factuality))to overt counterfactuality.The main arguments of the work include:First,the meaning of not being facts(i.e.,counterfactuality)is the inherent semantic component of wishes,which can only be realized in the future.That wishes can be accordant with expectation is the semantic source of counterfactuality.All forms of wish could be used to express counterfactuality,and the emphasis on the lexical meaning of wish or the intensification of the degree of wish can affect the expressions'tendency of counterfactuality.Second,the backgrounded counter⁃factual meaning is realized in a facticity⁃response context,which regulates the realistic understanding of wish,and promotes the backgrounded meaning of unreal wishes to counterfactuality without any access to the real situation of the social and physical world.The nature of response can determine the counterfactuality wish⁃expressions indicate.When the wish responds to the factive statement or question in a discourse,the counter⁃factuality will be in focus.When the wish responds the fact in the real world,it emphasizes various negative feelings of the speaker,which are caused by counter⁃facts.The negated facts of wish tends to be pan⁃chronic and static factual situations,and the counterfactuality of wish⁃expressions corresponds to the counter⁃expectation of both interlocutors.Based on the two⁃way counter⁃expectation between the interlocutors,especially the speaker's self⁃counter⁃expectation,the speaker's counterfactual usage of wish⁃expressions can show sympathy and the intent to reach the harmony with the listener,which illustrates speaker's negative feeling and the speaker's purpose of saving the listener's face.