从指示成分的不对称看台州方言指示系统的演变

The Evolution of Demonstratives in Taizhou(台州)Dialect from the Asymmetric Perspective

吴语台州片椒江话的指示系统是近指(更近指)、远指和中性指三分的,有“以=近(更近指)[i^(^(31))]”“解=远[ka^(31)]”和“格=中性[kəɁ^(5)]”三个形式。文章从句法、语义对称性角度论证指出:(1)“以”“解”是椒江话中原生的一对距离指示限定词,而“格”是中性指示代词。这主要表现在:a.“以”和“解”可以通过变调单独做方所词,“格”则不行;b.“格”用于个体指示时,既可以独用,也可以直接与名词、数量名结构短语等搭配,而“以”“解”作为指示限定词,必须与方所词或量词组合。(2)“格”排挤、替换旧指示成分“以”,使得“以”的语义功能衰退,造成了新的不对称现象。(3)从台州片内部来看,从南到北呈现出“解”与“格”逐渐对称、“以”逐渐被“格”替换的格局,指示系统内部存在“对称→不对称→对称”的历时演变路径。

The demonstratives of Jiaojiang dialect in Taizhou are tripartite:proximal or more-proximal demonstrative i(以=[i^(31)]),distal demonstrative jie(解=[ka^(31)])and neutral demonstrative ge(格=[kəɁ^(5)]).From the symmetry perspective of syntactic and semantic,this paper demonstrates that:(i)i and jie are a pair of native distance demonstrative determiners in Jiaojiang dialect,while ge is a neutral demonstrative pronoun:a.i and jie can be used as localizers by tone sandhi,while ge can not;b.ge can be used independently or with nouns,numeral-classifier-noun structures,while demonstrative determiners i and jie must be combined with localizers or classifiers.(ii)ge competes with the old demonstrative i,making the function of i decline,resulting in a new asymmetry.(iii)From southern to northern Taizhou,jie and ge are gradually symmetric,and i is gradually replaced by ge,indicating that there is a diachronic evolution path of“symmetry→asymmetry→symmetry”in the demonstrative system.