明清京杭运河北段的减水工程及其环境影响

Drainage Works and the Environmental Effect of the Grand Canal During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

减水保运是明清京杭运河北段治理的首要问题,该河段以漳卫河、潮白河等为水源,伏秋雨水盛涨,往往湍急难控。为宣泄运河西岸坡水以及运道涨水,多在运河东岸修建减水闸坝、开挖减水河,故有恩县四女寺、德州哨马营、沧州捷地、青县兴济、青县马厂等减水工程的建设。研究发现:京杭运河北段减水工程的建设主要集中于明前期和清中前期,其维修以清代中前期最为频繁,但空间分布不均衡,临清以南减水闸众多,而减水河极少。上述减水工程的建设,往往给区域环境带来影响,表现为水环境、土壤环境以及生活环境的变迁。减水工程作为大运河治理系统的组成部分,反映了不同地段的自然地理特征,凸显了国家公共工程建设与区域环境的密切联系。

Reducing water and ensuring transportation was the primary issue in the governance of the northern section of the grand canal in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In order to release the slope water in the west of the canal and the rising water of the transport road,drainage works are mostly built on the east bank of the canal.It is found that the drainage works in the north section of the grand canal are mainly concentrated in the early Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty,and the maintenance is the most frequent in the middle and early Qing Dynasty.However,the spatial distribution is uneven,there are many water reducing gates in the south of Linqing,and few water reducing rivers.The construction of drainage works has brought many impacts on the regional environment,which is manifested in the changes of water environment,soil environment and living environment.As an integral part of the grand canal management system,the drainage works reflects the natural and geographical characteristics of different sections and highlights the close relationship between national public works construction and regional environment.