北魏平城佛寺比较研究

A Comparative Study of Buddhist Temples in Pingcheng of Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏平城时期,立塔即建寺,佛塔是佛教徒重要的礼佛载体。目前,考古发现的北魏平城塔基遗址共有6座,方山思远佛寺位置与文献对应较为清晰。通过对几座佛塔塔基的比较研究,可知塔基和塔心边长比例约为1.5-1.6:1,由单踏道向多踏道发展,踏道方向从实用角度修建。佛塔建筑结构由简单向复杂逐渐演变,佛塔外围出现了回廊建筑结构营造的绕塔礼佛通道,形成类似于中心塔柱窟塔身与窟壁的礼佛空间。通过对比卡拉特佩佛寺北丘和云冈石窟西区窟顶佛寺,发现两座佛寺布局和塔基较为相似。中亚北巴克特里亚地区是犍陀罗佛寺东传的重要节点,卡拉特佩佛寺北丘很可能是北魏平城佛寺的重要来源地。

In the period of Pingcheng in Northern Wei dynasty,the Buddhist temple was built as a pagoda,which was an important carrier of Buddha worship.At present,there are six pagoda base sites in Pingcheng in Northern Wei dynasty,and the location of Siyuan Buddhist Monastery in Fangshan is clearly corresponded with the literature.Through the comparative study of these pagoda base sites,it is known that the side length ratio of the pagoda base site and the pagoda heart was about 1.5-1.6:1,developing from single step to multiple steps,and the step direction was built from a practical angle.The architectural structure of the pagoda gradually evolved from simple to complex,and the passage around the pagoda built by the cloister building structure appeared outside the pagoda,forming a Buddha worship space similar to the central pagoda column and the wall of caves with a central stupa-formed pillar.By comparing the North Hill of the Kara-Tepe and the Buddhist monastery in the western zone of the top of Yungang Grottoes,it is found that the layout and the pagoda base sites of the two Buddhist monasteries were similar.The Northern Bactria region in Central Asia was an important node of the eastward spread of the Buddhist monastery of Gandhāra,and the North Hill of the Kara-Tepe was probably an important source of the Buddhist monastery in Pingcheng in Northern Wei dynasty.