高昌故城所见塔柱形制再探——兼论云冈石窟同类建筑

Re-study of Types of Stūpa Pillars in Chotscho:with Special Reference to Similar Architectural Representations in Yungang Grottoes

高昌故城的佛教遗迹以塔柱数量最多、最具特色。以往学者往往将其溯源至河西地区早期中心柱窟。通过对其进行类型学分析及与周边地区佛教建筑的对比,可见其方形平面、多层开龛的形制可追溯至犍陀罗最先发展出的多层塔基佛塔。云冈石窟中所见同类建筑以多层开龛的方形塔柱最早、最流行,仿木构楼阁的外形、汉地传统造像题材使其表现出远高于高昌故城塔柱的汉化程度,单层佛塔出现较晚,却承续着典型的覆钵塔特征,映射出印度早期佛教东传过程中东西方文化交流的复杂面貌。

TStūpa pillar is the most popular and distinctive type pf Buddhist architectures in ancient Chotscho(Turfan).Previous studies saw it mostly as the result of development of early central-pillar caves along Hexi Corridor.Based on typological analyses and cultural comparison,this thesis tried to attribute both the square-planar and multi-story structure to Gandhāran origin,where muti-story stūpa base first appeared.Yungang Grottoes also featured such type of stūpa pillar but distinguished from Chotscho cases with their more evident Han-style,like multi-story wood-like appearance and traditional Chinese image motifs.Here,single-storey base type of stūpa pillar with typical aṇḍa was a later phenomenon.The differences between stūpa pillars from the two sites significantly reflect the complicated cultural communication of the East and the West.