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云冈石窟大型洞窟的营造背景

The Construction Background of Large Caves in Yungang Grottoes
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摘要 基于供养人图像的特征及含义,将云冈石窟的大型洞窟分为A、B二类,分别对应皇家洞窟与集资洞窟。A类为第5、13、16-20窟,洞窟整体没有对应的供养人图像,而周壁同步雕刻的小龛部分带有单独的供养人图像。均为大像窟,由帝王直接出资营造,随着帝位更迭,营造工程暂停或再启。B类为第1、2、6-10窟,洞窟整体有对应的供养人图像,且人数众多。均为佛殿窟或中心柱窟,是集团出资营造的非皇家洞窟,具有强烈的政治性。云冈石窟的营造始于皇家洞窟,基于国家的鼓励及工匠的解放,大型集资洞窟出现。在铭文较少的情况下,供养人图像是理解石窟营造背景的重要手段之一。 Based on the features and meanings of the images of patrons,this paper categorizes the large caves in Yungang Grottoes into two types,A.the royal caves and B.the collectively sponsored caves.Type A includes Cave 5,13,16-20,where there are no donor images of the whole caves,but some small niches synchronously carved within the caves contain individual donor images.These are the huge statue caves and directly sponsored by the emperors.With changes in imperial rule,construction projects were temporarily halted or resumed.Type B includes Cave 1,2,6-10,where the caves have donor image with a group of individuals.These are either the Buddha hall grottoes or the central pillar grottoes,sponsored by groups rather than the royal,with strong political implications.The construction in Yungang Grottoes began with the royal caves,and the collectively sponsored caves appeared with the encouragement from the state and the liberation of craftsmen.In situations where inscriptions are scarce,the image of patrons play a crucial role in understanding the background of cave construction.
作者 黄盼 HUANG Pan(Institute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100010)
出处 《云冈研究》 2023年第4期12-22,共11页 Yungang Research
关键词 云冈石窟 供养人图像 出资人 皇家洞窟 集资洞窟 Yungang Grottoes image of patrons patrons the royal caves the collectively sponsored caves
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