颇罗鼐封号和用印考实

Research on the Title and Seal of Pho lha nas

颇罗鼐先是从蒙古和硕特汗王获得金字使者、比齐台吉称号,后又被清朝中央政府赐封札萨克台吉、孜本、噶伦、贝子、贝勒、郡王等称号。颇罗鼐的印章文字包括汉文、满文、藏文、八思巴字和图纹等类,其中汉、藏、满的三语合璧印章是由清廷颁授,其他的八思巴字印、汉字印和图纹印都是由西藏地方自主制作。这些印章的使用特点可按照其来源分作清廷封授印和西藏地方自制印两大体系,它们在使用对象、钤盖载体和文告起首语称谓等方面呈现出诸多不同的特点,具体来说,朝廷封印的使用场合和等级都要高于西藏地方自制印章。

The article firstly,sorts out the various titles of Pho lha nas,and then makes a systematic research on 14 seals once used by Pho lha nas with cultural relics,Tibetan archives and related literatures.The author mainly focus on the impressions,characteristics and sources of these seals.It can be seen from the research that Pho lha nas was first awarded the title of Jinzi Shizhe and Biqi Taiji from the Khoshut Khan of Mongolia.And then he was awarded the titles of Zasak Taiji,Ziben,Galun,Beizi,Beile and Junwang by the central government of the Qing dynasty.One of Pho lha nas’s seals has Phags-pa characters and patterns,engraved with Chinese characters,Manchu language and Tibetan was awarded by the central government of Qing dynasty.Other seals with Phags-pa characters and patterns,Chinese characters and patterns were independently produced in Tibet.According to their sources,these seals can be divided into two systems:the seal granted by the Qing government and the seal made by the local government in Tibet.The two kinds of seals have many differences in use object,the seal carrier and the initial appellation of the notice.Specifically,the use occasions and grades of the seal made by Qing central government is higher than those of the seals made by the local government in Tibet.