跟踪危机管理的差异:比较法国、德国和瑞典对新冠肺炎疫情的响应

Tracing divergence in crisis governance:responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in France,Germany and Sweden compared

本文对法国、德国和瑞典在面临新冠肺炎疫情时的行政回应进行了跨国比较,旨在探索新冠肺炎疫情期间,制度环境和行政文化如何构建问题解决策略和政府职能,以及在何种程度上可以将危机作为机会管理。本文发现,法国中央政府使用严厉措施遏制疫情蔓延,反应坚决且等级分明;相比之下,德国中央政府最初采用自下而上的应对策略,但随着危机的进一步发展,交给联邦政府统管,随后再次回归为各地差异化管理和地方自治;瑞典则坚持实施“常规管理”原则,并主要采用基于建议的自愿遵守策略,而不是像德国和法国,依赖于实施具有约束力的法规战略。通过对比分析可以揭示出,这三个国家都将这次危机当作改变制度设置和行政程序的机会。

This cross-country comparison of administrative responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in France,Germany and Sweden is aimed at exploring how institutional contexts and administrative cultures have shaped strategies of problem-solving and governance modes during the pandemic,and to what extent the crisis has been used for opportunity management.The article shows that in France,the central government reacted determinedly and hierarchically,with tough containment measures.By contrast the response in Germany was characterized by an initial bottom-up approach that gave way to remarkable federal unity in the further course of the crisis,followed again by a return to regional variance and local discretion.In Sweden,there was a continuation of’normal governance’and a strategy of relying on voluntary compliance largely based on recommendations and less-as in Germany and France-on a strategy of imposing legally binding regulations.The comparative analysis also reveals that relevant stakeholders in all three countries have used the crisis as an opportunity for changes in the institutional settings and administrative procedures.