西汉“故事”考论——兼及汉代治理国政的依据

The Textual Research on “Stories” in the Western Han Dynasty——And the base of governing state affairs in the Han Dynasty

不同时期的治国理政会遵循不同的依据。西汉时,随着统一国家的发展,"故事"演变为专有名词,含义趋向稳定,并在西汉中期成为治国理政的新依据,广泛运用于行政、职官和礼仪等领域。应用领域的不同是划分"故事"类型的一个标准,而不同类型"故事"数量的多少则显示出"故事"在不同领域的影响程度。西汉"故事"形成主体多种多样,在承袭过程中逐渐去情境化,地位较为模糊,表现和预示了后世"故事"的诸多特征,是研究中国古代"故事"现象的出发点。"故事"成为治国理政依据有利于弱化规律性和偶然性自然变动对汉代治国理政的影响,为时人发挥主观性提供选择余地,但也对个体临事专断能力提出考验。

The governance of the state tends to follow different bases in different periods.In the Western Han dynasty,with the development of the unified state,"stories"evolved into a proper noun and its meaning became stable,and in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty,it became a new basis of governance,which was widely used in the fields of administration,officialdom and rituals.The difference in application areas is a criterion for classifying the types of"stories",while the number of different types of"stories"shows the degree of influence of"stories"in different fields.In the Western Han dynasty,"stories"were formed by a variety of subjects,gradually decontextualized in the process of inheritance,and their status was more ambiguous,showing and foreshadowing many features of later"stories".This is the starting point for the study of the ancient Chinese"stories"phenomenon.The fact that"stories"became the basis of governance is conducive to weakening the influence of regular and contingent natural changes on the governance of the Han dynasty,providing room for choice for the people of the time to exercise their subjectivity,but it also puts the individual ability to make arbitrary decisions to the test.