“早熟国家”的家户制传统及其内在困境

The Tradition of Family and Household System in“Precocious Country”and Inherent Dilemmas

中国很早就建立起大一统的国家形态,具有早发性、集权性和持久性等特征,已有在国家层面的解释多集中于兼并战争及其官僚行政制度,在社会层面的思考则侧重于小农生产和村社制等,而忽视了中国本源性的家户制传统。但正是家户制支撑着中央集权国家。传统国家有意识地将家户塑造为国家的政治社会单元,在赋役、治安等层面建立起家户与国家的直接联系,构成中央集权国家的社会基础,并实现对乡村社会的政治整合。不过,家户制所建立的家户与国家的直接联系也面临着内在的结构性张力。家户难以长时间支撑强大的中央集权国家而走向国家的对立面,导致中央集权国家的重构。以家户为基础的血缘伦理原则影响着传统国家的自主性,内含着裂解中央集权国家的因素。家户与国家直接联系无法回应现代国家的合法性问题,使得“早熟国家”难以顺利地进入现代国家的发展路径。

China established a unified country,with the characteristics of precociousness,centralization and persistence.Arguments from the prospective of states focused on annexation wars and bureaucratic system,and discussion from a social perspective concentrate on small-scale peasant production and village community system,while ignored China's original family and household system,which supports the centralized country.The traditional country consciously shaped the family as the political and social unit of the country,and established the direct connection between families and the state,which formed the social basis of the centralized bureaucratic system,and achieved the political integration of the rural society.However,the direct connection between families and the state established by the family and household system also faces internal structural tension.It is difficult for families and households to support a strong centralized country for a long time,and they become the opposite of the state,which lead to the reconstruction of the centralized state.The principle of consanguineous ethics based on family affects the autonomy of traditional state and contains the factors to break the centralized state.The direct relationship between families and the state cannot respond to the legitimacy of the modern state,and it is difficult to smoothly enter the development path of the modern state.