国家结构与政府体制——孙中山、胡佛与福山观点的比较分析

State Structure and Government System: A Comparative Analysis on the Views of Sun Yat-sen,Hu Fo and Francis Fukuyama

强势国家与政府善治因何而成,如何关联,这是政治学研究中的重要议题。孙中山、胡佛与福山关于国家与政府的观点或可引导我们进行更深入的思考。在孙中山看来,只有道德的互助才会促进国家的团结,他重视国家角色,也强调政府效能;胡佛同样将国家视为道德的有机体,认为必须在政治结构上厘清国家与政府的关系;福山则强调了强国家、法治和民主问责对于良好政治秩序的重要意义。从历史维度来看,孙中山的"保中国,不保大清"理念中包含了国家与政权的权能分际,这是理解五权宪法制度设计的基础,而"三民主义"应该置于国家、政府与政策三层次互动关系中考察。从比较维度来看,中东欧国家的转型经验彰显孙中山的国家观及其当代意义,这些国家之所以走上分裂与解体一途,是因为国家结构与政府体制之间的矛盾冲突,亦即在民族和民权层面出现严重扞格。

How do strong state and good governance by the government emerge?What kinds of linkages exist between them?They are important questions in political science studies.Sun Yat-sen,Hu Fo and Fukuyama offered different but similarly heuristic arguments on the state and government.According to Sun Yat-sen,only the mutual support based on morality can promote the unity of a state.He stresses the state’s roles and the efficiency of the government.Similarly,Hu Fo also views the state as a moral entity,arguing that the relationship between the state and the government must be clearly delineated in a systematic manner.In contrast,Fukuyama stresses the importance of the strong state,rule of law and democratic accountability to a good political order.Historically speaking,Sun’s insistence of"preserving China but not the Qing Empire"implies a division of labor between the state and the government,which is the sine qua non for understanding his institutional design of"Five-power Constitution".Likewise,the"Three Principles of the People"advocated by Sun should also be scrutinized under the threetiered interactions among the state,the government and policies.Transitional experiences of the Central and Eastern European countries highlight the relevance of Sun’s viewpoints of the state in the contemporary world.These countries experienced division and disintegration during their transitions,a result deriving from the endemic tensions and conflicts between their state structures and government systems.In other words,they faced serious dislocation between"Principles of Nationalism"and"Principles of Democracy".