汉魏两晋南北朝儒家经典与童蒙教育

Confucian Classics and Children’s Education in Han, Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

儒家经典是中国古代童蒙教育的源泉和最主要的内容,魏晋南北朝儿童儒家经典的启蒙教育与察举制的变迁紧密相关。本文从察举时代汉代经学的整理、《五经》博士设置、魏晋玄学的兴起,以及南北朝分裂政局变化等角度探讨该时期经学发展与童蒙教育的关系。笔者认为汉代大致确立了儿童教育以《孝经》《论语》等儒家经典为主的格局,南北朝童蒙教育加强了对《五经》的教育,并受玄学一定程度的影响。南朝士族强盛、儒学兴盛,士族之家的儿童修习《五经》的情况较为常见,北朝相较而言,处于劣势,儿童修习《五经》的数量偏少,年龄偏大,反映了南北朝时期儿童修习《五经》的情况与南北朝《五经》博士设置、家学水平、私人讲学,以及察举制度的选才标准等诸多因素有着密切关系。

Confucian classics were the source and the main content of Chinese ancient children’s education.The enlightenment education of Confucian classics in Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties was closely related to the change of the recommendatory system.This paper discusses the relationship between the development of Confucian classics and the education of children in this period from the perspectives of the arrangement of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty,the establishment of the Five Classics Doctorate,the rise of Metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties,and the change of the split political situation in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The author holds that the Han Dynasty basically established the pattern of children’s education based on the Confucian classics such as Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius,and the Southern and Northern Dynasties children’s education strengthened the education of the Five Classics and was influenced by metaphysics to a certain extent.In the Southern Dynasty,gentries were strong and Confucianism was prosperous.It was common for children of Gentries families to study the Five Classics.Compared with the Northern Dynasty,they were in a disadvantage.The number of children studying the Five Classics was less and the age was older,which reflected the situation of children studying the Five Classics in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the establishment of the Five Classics Doctorate,family learning level,private lectures and examination system.It is closely related to many factors.