唐律“常赦所不免”原则的源流及影响

The Origin and Evolution and Influence of the Tang code “Ch’ang-she so pu mien che”

唐律“常赦所不免”原则是对赦宥加以限制的规定,渊源于汉魏以来的“谋反大逆不用此书”及“诸不当得赦者”,内容包括会赦犹处死、会赦犹流、会赦除名、会赦免所居官、会赦移乡五种情形,大部分十恶罪及其他重大犯罪遇常赦均可减免刑罚,其限赦力度较弱。唐朝中后期和宋朝的赦书中改称“常赦所不原”,限赦力度也有所增强。明清律设为“常赦所不原”专条,限赦范围扩大至十恶等所有故意犯罪,限赦力度极大地增强,且赦与不赦泾渭分明,限赦规定臻于完备。随着“常赦所不免”原则的发展和大赦次数的减少,我国古代赦宥的消极影响也较大地减弱。

The principle ofthe Tang code“those not to be spared by ordinary acts of grace(Ch’angshe so pu mien che)”is a restriction on amnesty,and it originated from the articles“mou-fan,mou ta-ni does not apply this article”and the“chu pu ying yu she”which were formed in the Han and Wei Dynasties.According to this article,there are five situations which the criminals cannot be spared,being executed,being deported,being resigned from office(mien-kuan),being resigned from occupied office(mien so chüchih kuan)and being transferred to keep away from your hometown(i-hsiang).Most of the ten crimes and other major crimes can be exempted from punishment,and the amnesties limits are weak.In the middle and late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty,the article was renamed“ch’ang-she so pu mien che”,amnesty restrictions have also been strengthened.The law of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties set up a special article“ch’ang-she so pu mien che”,and the scope to limit the amnesty is extended to all the intentional crimes such as ten evils,the limit is strengthened,and the rules of amnesties tend to be clear and approach to perfect.With the development of the principle of“chang-she so pu mien che”and the decrease of the number of amnestiesta-she,the negative influence of ancient Chinese amnesties has been greatly weakened.