朱子不疑《古文尚书》:佐藤一斋与幕末日本阳明学的经学观

Zhu Xi’s Stance on Guwen Shangshu:SatōIssai and the view of Classical Learning in Japanese Yangming School of the Late Edo Period

幕末日本阳明学既受到了清代经学的外来学术之启发,也呈现了日本儒学的内在理路,佐藤一斋的《古文尚书》学承继这两股思潮而来。读经是发明吾心不可或缺的手段,经学是日本阳明学的题中之义。一方面,佐藤一斋受到日本阳明学传统的启发,重视《古文尚书》的心学思想;另一方面,佐藤一斋在中国《尚书》学的脉络中借鉴其经学方法。围绕《古文尚书》之真伪,中、日学者开启了朱陆之辩的不同论域。通过提出“朱子不疑《古文尚书》”论,佐藤一斋以“阳朱阴王”的方式解构了朱子学构建的以“四书”解“五经”之经学体系,还阐发了《古文尚书》中的心学思想。在日本阳明学看来,经学的目标是治心与经世。因此,《古文尚书》中的革命思想不仅为幕末明治维新提供了精神动力,也促使以大田锦城为代表的日本考证学者思考经学裨益世教的价值。

Japanese Yangming studies of the late Edo period were influenced by both foreign academic inspiration from Chinese Confucianism in Qing Dynasty and the internal discourse of Japanese Confucianism.SatōIssai’s study of the Guwen Shangshu inherits these two streams of thought,according to which reading the classics is an indispensable means of enlightening one’s mind,and classical learning is the important component of Japanese Yangming studies.On the one hand,inspired by the tradition of Japanese Yangming studies,SatōIssai focuses on the idea of the mind of Guwen Shangshu.On the other hand,he drew on the Confucian classics methodology from Chinese Shangshu studies.The authenticity of the Guwen Shangshu has been debated by scholars from China and Japan,resulting in different perspectives on the interpretations of Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan.By proposing the idea that Zhu Xi did not suspect the authenticity of the Guwen Shangshu,SatōIssai explained the thoughts of the mind in the Guwen Shangshu,and deconstructed the Neo-Confucian system of learning that interprets the Five Classics through the lens of the Four Books by“Yang Zhu Yi Wang”.According to the Japanese Yangming studies,the goal of Confucian classical learning is to cultivate one’s mind and contribute to society.As such,revolutionary ideas in Guwen Shangshu not only provided spiritual impetus for the Meiji Restoration of the late Edo period,but also prompted Japanese philologists such as Oota Kinjou to consider the practical value of classical texts.